The Progress of Human Rights Reform in Turkey Essay

The Progress of Human Rights Reform in Turkey Throughout the last half-century of American politics, the Presidents of the United States have been more susceptible to public attack and scorn than ever before in our history. Through events such as Nixons Watergate, Clintons impeachment, and the Bush wars the public has voiced scathing criticism of our national leaders without fear of personal harm. People in America know that they can openly criticize anyone and anything in our country including our president or the pillars of our countrys history like Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, or even our first president George Washington. Americans do not think much about human rights because they are interlaced into the very†¦show more content†¦Ataturk was a domineering, former general for the Ottoman Empire before its collapse following World War One.[iii]? He realized the only way to organize the new nation was to westernize it in an attempt to ward off initial criticism from European nations.[iv]? The 1920?s and 30?s were filled with widespread reforms, such as separating Islam from the government and literacy campaigns, in an effort to secularize Turkey and strengthen the Turkish government and people.[v]? Ataturk wanted to abolish religion as the cord that fastened all of society together, and instead chose to make Turkish nationalism the cornerstone on which he would build a country.[vi]? However, he also ushered in a lack of democracy, repression of the Kurds, and a heavy reliance on the military, and laid the foundation for similar patterns and human rights abuses to continue throughout the nation?s history.[vii]? Ataturk promised he would make Turkey a nation for all, explicitly including Kurds, but it would not take long before riots began over unjust treatment of Kurds throughout Turkey.? As a result, Kurdish culture was banned from Turkish society, and Kurdish leaders were executed one after another.? Moreover, ?The decades in between the 1930?s to the 1980?s, [were] covered by a blanket of silence? as troops, police, and prisons lined the southeast, Kurdish portion of Turkey where foreign travelers were prohibited.[viii]? In fact, the Turkish government even refused to admitShow MoreRelatedGlobalization - Turkey1743 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalization: the Turkey case II)Introduction The term globalization has a strong emotional charge. Some see globalization as a beneficial process - which will contribute decisively to global economic development - inevitable and irreversible. Others are hostile to this process, if not fear, believing that it increases inequality within and between nations, threatens employment and living standards and thwarts social progress. 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Analysis of A Catcher In the Ryes Holden Caulfield Enemy...

Jerome David Salinger’s only novel, The Catcher in the Rye, is based on the life events shaping main character, Holden Caulfield, into the troubled teen that is telling the story in 1950. The theme of the story is one of emotional disconnection felt by the alienated teenagers of this time period. The quote, â€Å" I didn’t know anyone there that was splendid and clear thinking and all† (Salinger 4) sets the tone that Holden cannot find a connection with anyone around him and that he is on a lonely endeavor in pursuit of identity, acceptance and legitimacy. The trials and failures that Holden faces on his journey to find himself in total shed light on Holden’s archenemy, himself. In J.D Salinger’s, â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†, protagonist,†¦show more content†¦When the reader looks back at Holden’s history they can make assumptions as to why Holden wants things to stay the way they are. The general assumption would be because Holden is very distant to people who are dear to him. He mentions his younger sister, Phoebe frequently but cannot connect with her in any way due to Holden’s enrollment in a relatively distant school. Holden also recalls his two brothers, Allie and D.B., whom he is exiled from in result of Allie’s tragic fate and D.B.’s migration to California. The death of Holden’s favorite person, Allie, results ultimately in the unstable mental condition that controls Holden. Holden’s fascination with children and their mentalities is driven from Holden’s mourning of Allie’s death. While Holden tries to resist changing, he is identifying himself with Allie. Critic, Hermit Vanderbilt, agrees that, â€Å"Obviously despairing at the cosmic injustice of such an early death, Holden falls into a schizophrenic disorder interested in keeping him from growing up and keeping the role of Allie alive.† (Vanderbilt 299). In addition to the laments of p ersonal loss, Holden also desires a stagnancy of time because of his fear of losing his moral purity. This is shown when Holden speaks about how his older brother, D.B., has lost his moral standards in the pursuit of fame. Holden feels D.B. has strayed far from his truly respectable writing when D.B. â€Å"sold himself out† to the expectations of Hollywood. Holden refers to D.B. as a

Rise and Fall of Civilizations Free Essays

string(86) " as the trade routes shifted further east and also lost its trading monopoly on gold\." Chanelle Samuel The Inevitable Progression of Complex Societies Ancient civilizations and the civilizations of today all share a commonality. That commonality is that all civilizations seem to go through this pattern of rise and fall. The civilization will grow, prosper, accumulate wealth and power, but eventually due to a variety of factors including natural disasters, economic decline, invasion, and so on, the civilization will slowly lose power and land and relinquish any sort of ties that once held them together. We will write a custom essay sample on Rise and Fall of Civilizations or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is clearly evident in most civilizations, and the civilizations that it is not clearly evident in are those that can technically be called civilizations today. But since they are still civilizations of today, the cycle or rise and fall may not be completer yet. This rise and fall of civilizations is an inevitable process that continues to be a factor in today’s world. For the purpose of this essay I would like to clarify the definitions of terms that I will be using. The first is the term rise and fall. I clarify rise to be when a group of people gains power over their geography and environment, are unified in some way, and have the ability to not only sustain their power but have the potential to expand that power and influence outwards. Fall will be defined as when a group of people have no potential to expand, are losing their sustained power, and when there is no chance for them to rise again. A harder term to define is that of civilization, but for the purpose of this essay civilization will be defined as occupying a geographical area, the defining feature of how that civilization responds to the challenges from their location, maintain a social organization (that may change over time), a common religion, a form of communication, and an economic system (that changes over time). So form this point onwards these are the meanings of the terms I will be using. Form the beginnings of time humans have aggregated together, and lived within family groupings. These groupings at the beginning were very small, usually only containing of one family. But as humans began to learn, with the innovations of new tools and ideas were formed, as well as the ability to travel in larger numbers emerged. These were known as the hunter-gatherer civilizations. They were nomads who continually migrated in search of food resources with the changing of the seasons. From natural progression some of these peoples evolved to stay in one area and cultivate crops that beforehand they had mostly gathered. They began to domesticate regional plants and animals found in the area. This transfer from nomadic peoples to agricultural settlements was the first real implications of a true civilization. One of the first agricultural settlements that expanded and became a prosperous civilization was that of the Indus River Valley in present day Pakistan and India. It was built on the floodplains of the Indus and Saraswati Rivers, which created a problem as leaders would have to deal with environmental factors such as intense flooding during the rainy season. The civilization was at its height from twenty-six hundred to nineteen hundred B. C. E. , and contained as many as five million people. Its economy was based heavily on trade which they prospered from due to their valuable commodities of ivory, cotton, hardwoods, and precious stones. They also had a unified culture, art and script. As I have outlined here the Indus River Valley clearly meets the criteria of a civilization. Although the historical evidence for this society is scarce as we cannot interpret their script, it is clear that this society expanded and flourished with the help of an extensive trade network and a fortified city. This would constitute the civilizations rise to power and extension of that power from trade alliances. This led to the height of the civilization which was showcased with the societies planned streets, with complicated plumbing, bath houses, and assembly halls. But by eighteen hundred B. C. E. the civilization began to collapse. The most likely reason for the collapse was due to environmental factors including constant river flooding which could be due to increasing temperatures that caused the Himalayan glaciers to increase water in the rivers. This then affected their ability to cultivate crops and had an impact on sustaining high population numbers and the effectiveness of trade. There also may have been earthquakes which changed the landscape and may have altered the course of the rivers. The Indus river Valley clearly follows the rise and fall cycle of civilizations. It came to prominence beside the Indus River and based its agriculture on the fertile flood plains of the river. It grew in power and influence as the wealth of commodities they held were traded with neighbouring peoples. But environmental factors caused strain on the civilization that over time they were not able to solve or cope with which led to the eventual decline and fall of this once thriving civilization. Another example of civilizations that followed the same course were the shorted-lived civilizations of West Africa. These civilizations prospered in sub-Saharan Africa around the Senegal and Niger Rivers. The first civilization to rise there was that of Ancient Ghana. It developed around the fourth and fifth century C. E. from nomadic peoples known as the Soninke banding together for protection. They rose to power as the kings of Ghana maintained a monopoly on the trade of gold. They were in a key location which contained some of the largest gold resources of that time, and as civilizations in the Mediterranean based their currency on gold, it was in high demand. This caused Ghana to rely heavily on trade for their economy, as Arabs from Northern Africa crossed the Saharan desert to bring goods from elsewhere and trade for gold and salt. But Ghana began to weaken in power as the trade routes shifted further east and also lost its trading monopoly on gold. You read "Rise and Fall of Civilizations" in category "Essay examples" In addition other peoples envied Ghana’s wealth and pressured Ghana with attacks that further weakened the empire. Soon after, Ancient Ghana was overtaken and swallowed into the Mali Empire, which had the same characteristics of the Ghana Empire. It also relied heavily on trade and especially that of gold and salt. And similar to Ghana the Mali Empire slowly weakened and another empire the Songhay Empire exerted influenced and encompassed Mali into their empire. The West African civilizations are characterized by short periods of power, and eventual decline and take over by another society. That is why some people and I believe that those three civilizations can really be considered as one larger civilization. When taken as one civilization, you can think of Ghana and Mali and Songhay as three peaks of this one larger civilization, but as Songhay began to lose control of the trade routes another rising power from around todays Morocco caused the final fall of the West African civilization. West Africa fits in as a civilization by having common language roots of the Mande and Arabic, as well as a tolerant religion of a mixture of Islam and polytheism. They were located in western sub-Saharan Africa and maintained a heavy reliance on trade for their economies. But since they relied so heavily on the trade routes through the Saharan desserts once they lost control of those routes, they eventually diminished in power, and were invaded by other powers. The third civilization I would like to discuss is the Mayan Civilization. Its geographic location encompasses todays Guatemala, El Salvador, and Mexico. It was established in one hundred C. E. in an inhospitable landscape. The culture was undoubtedly polytheistic as there were enormous amounts of natural disasters in this area which could be why a lot of their gods are angry and vengeful gods. Their economy was based on trading with the peoples of the north. They also established religious centers and the formation of city-states. Mayan society was very advanced but all technological innovations pertained to religion and appeasement of their gods. They had a unified written script which allowed them to communicate. The height of Mayan civilization was in three hundred C. E. and was followed by a period of decline. There are many factors that caused the decline of the Mayan civilization. Firstly, environmental factors played a large role as a period of drought commenced after many successful rainy seasons which lead to huge increases in the population. So when the drought hit and crops began to fail, there just wasn’t enough food to support such a large population. They also used slash and burn agriculture which only supports crops for a short period of time before that same land becomes arid and unusable. Also the arrival of the Spanish in Peru lead to the spread of epidemic diseases that the Mayans had no immunity for including small pox, measles, and chicken pox. Internal rivalries were also present which caused conflict and instability within the society. The Spanish also conquered territory and with their superior weapons and military they were able to defeat the Mayans. At the height of Mayan Civilization it is obvious that this civilization was strong and very advanced. But, like the other civilizations a variety of factors came about that lead to the decline and further more fall of the Mayan Civilization. However there are still people of Mayan descent that I do believe protect the language and customs, but Mayan civilization no longer has its own economic base or power and influence over other peoples or on the environment. And lastly, I would like to look at Roman Civilization. The Roman Empire was founded in eight century B. C. E. , and was originally a small city-state ruled by a single king. However, in five hundred and nine B. C. E. the city’s aristocrats deposed the king and instituted a republic. When the republican constitution was in place, Roman civilization really began to rise in prominence. Between the fourth and second centuries B. C. E. , the people of Rome transformed their city from a small vulnerable city-state to the center of an enormous empire. In early Rome, polytheism was common, which was their belief in many Roman gods, but as they conquered lands new religions were brought into the empire including Judaism and Christianity. They consolidated their power in the Italian peninsula, and expanded outwards to conquer lands. They absorbed the land they conquered and allowed those peoples to govern their own internal affairs, and if they wanted, to gain Roman citizenship. This expansion brought wealth and power to Rome, but also increased class tensions where the disparity between the poor and the wealthy, and also administering to all the conquered lands began to strain resources. The Roman Empire was based on trade, and since they had such a large territory there was a lot of specialization that allowed them to trade in many goods. But with the over reach of the Roman Empire and the strain on resources, the Roman Empire was just too large to control and maintain. Internal tensions and attacks from outsiders also led to the fall of Rome. I have just outlined four cases that come from completely different areas of the world in which civilizations have risen, reached some sort of peak, and then declined and eventually diminished altogether. There are many more examples of civilizations throughout history that have also followed this pattern, but does outlining the instances in which these civilizations became established and then subsequent fall really explains why rise and fall is inevitable in all civilizations? I do not believe it explains the inevitability part that I have mentioned. I think in order to really understand why civilizations are bound to repeat this process lies within the human psyche. Humans are essentially the most complex species on the planet. It is our brain and the ability to make tools that sets us apart from all other species and has allowed us to grow and develop in the way that we have. But humans also have another side which is not as bright. It is our consumerism, greed, and the belief that our species is the superior species and therefore we have the right to do what we will. This belief in superiority and greed has led to an evolution where we do not take into account the environment and the land that gives us sustenance and the ability to breathe clean air. This dominance over the environment and superiority has directed many civilizations to their downfall due to overconfidence, overextension of their power, and overharvesting of their resources. An example I have already spoken about is Rome. The need to conquer more land, and their greed in gaining wealth and power by taking other’s resources only amounted in weakening the empire to a state that left them vulnerable to invasion and collapse. In Mesoamerica civilizations like the Mayans, used the slash and burn technique in agriculture which had devastating effects on the land. The destruction of forests for agricultural land releases a large amount of stored carbon that will all be released in the atmosphere. It also extinguishes nutrient cycling by creating crop land since no decomposition of organic matters occur, the soils then become very poor and arid and makes way for soil erosion, and can also lead to desertification. The biosphere actually has a carrying capacity for each environment. A carrying capacity is the amount of individuals that can live off the environment in a certain area. Once that plateau is reached there will be no more food, water, or shelter for those excess people. The earth cannot just contain an infinite amount of organisms. It has a limit to the amount it can supply. Once that plateau is hit there is no possibility of growth or extension of power and influence unless people find a way to live sustainably. The progression of civilizations will not overcome the rise and fall course of development unless humans make a shift in their thought processes. As presented in this essay the evidence of rise and fall within a civilization is sound. From past civilizations the overexpansion, internal dissent, invasion, or environmental factors have been the cause of decline in all those civilizations. In the civilizations that still exist today; the human beliefs are still the same. There is still this want to expand, to exhibit a greater power or influence over others, and to gain in wealth. This consumer way of life is the mindset that leads to declines of civilizations. The exploitation of the environment including agriculture, fishing, metals, oil, nd logging is causing a degradation of the environment and could lead to the collapse of the last remaining civilizations. Unless there is a switch to sustainable living in which the environment can recuperate and replenish, there will be nothing left to consume and nothing left to form the basis of today’s global economic society. Therefore all civilizations need to live and grow with the thought that natural resources are not infinite but in fact are running out very fast. If humans continue to live as greed-filled, corporation based unsustainable societies then it is inevitable that they will all fall. How to cite Rise and Fall of Civilizations, Essay examples

Case Study Using Clinical Reasoning Cycle †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Case Study Using Clinical Reasoning Cycle. Answer: One of the most abundantly used frameworks for clinical practice in thenursing care scenario can be defined as the clinical reasoning cycle. This clinical decision making tool helps the nurses to determine the most plausible and scientifically reasonable steps for the care planning and implementation procedure. Clinical reasoning cycle, the term has been coined by Tracy Levett Jones in an attempt to incorporate a framework protocol for the professional nurses to follow in order to provide a care to the patients that is holistic, optimal and patient centred (Levett-Jones, 2013). This essay will attempt to provide a care plan employing different steps of the clinical reasoning cycle based on the case study of Peter Mitchell. The case scenario analysis is the first step of action that anursing care professional needs to take in order to begin the care activities. This step of thenursing care aligns with the first stage of the clinical reasoning cycle. According to the Berman et al. (2015), patient situation analysis is the first step of the clinical reasoning cycle that helps in determining the current situation of the patient which helps thenursing professional to understand the current health issues and needs of the patients. This is the step that helps the nurse get a preliminary understanding of the patient, his sickness and the impact of the sickness on the health and wellbeing and his ability to go about his day without any mishap or risk. The case scenario analysis for the patient reveals a 52 year old man named Peter Mitchell with two main health concerns, being extremely overweight and struggling with a long term condition of type 2 diabetes. The subjective and objective health information that h as been gathered reveals Peter not being able to properly control his type 2 diabetes and inability to follow a strict diet pattern to help reduce his obesity. Along with that emotional and psychological factor analysis is another key step of the case scenario analysis part of the care program. On a more elaborative note, as the patient had been smoking 20 cigarettes per day for close to 30 years, it must have had a significant impact on his diabetic complications and overweight issues. Hence the nursing professional in this stage will have to investigate on the impact of smoking and his other lifestyle choices on his health adversities and the deterioration patterns (Ceccarini et al., 2015). The next stage of the care program will need to focus on dissemination of the patient data and synthesis of the care needs of the patient. In terms of clinical reasoning cycle, the second stage of collecting patient cues and processing the information aligns perfectly with this step. It has to be understood that his step allows the nurses to collect important health adversity cues from not only the patient but also the previous general physician or the health care team that the patient has been associated with. This step will highlight the collection of information and the evidence based synthesis of the all the collected information to analyse and arrive on to a final verdict regarding the most pressing care needs and requirements of the patient. In this step the nurse will not only interview the patient about his physical and psychosocial needs but will attain information from the previous general physician, physiotherapists and dieticians to discover what interventions have been t aken for him and what progress he has made (?uczy?ski, G?owi?ska-Olszewska Bossowski, 2016). In the second leg of the process of identifying care needs the nursing professional caring for Peter will arrive onto the third stage of the clinical reasoning cycle. This stage is information processing where the nurse will disseminate he information gathered based on the immediate impact of the adversities and prepare a total list of the different care needs that the patients is suffering from. Focussing o the case study, the present signs and symptoms of the patient include shakiness and tremor, increased bouts of hunger, diaphoresis, high blood glucose levels, and obesity ventilation syndrome. Moreover, Peter had past medical history of pre-diagnosed hypertension, depression, Sleep apnoea, Gastro oesophageal disease reflux disease as well along with his obesity and his type 2 diabetes. Hence his care needs will be management of his obesity particularly the obesity ventilation syndrome, management of his blood glucose levels, controlling his hypertension, management of the shakine ss and body tremors, and lastly his sleep apnoea and depression (Martin, 2017). The next step of the care program will require the nurse to sort through the discovered care priorities and evaluating their individual impact on the health and recovery of the patient. With respect to the use of clinical reasoning cycle, the fourth stage is identifying the potential problem. This is the step where the nurse will link evidence based practice and cooperation from the medical practitioner to discover the most impactful care needs of the patents which will require immediate interventions to be managed. It has to be mentioned in here the nurse will also have to include the patient and his personal grievances before the final verdict of two care priorities are given. In this case the patient will already receive pharmacological treatment for reducing his blood glucose levels. Hence the nursing acre should focus on two related co-morbidities that can impact the pharmacological diabetic treatment that the patient is going to receive (Strohl, 2016). The first nursing care pr iority in this case will be the excessive body weight of the patient; at 145 kg the extremely high BMI of the patient has huge risks of interfering with the pharmacological treatments he is going to receive for his diabetes. According to the authors, obesity is synergistically linked with various health concerns, especially when type 2 diabetes has concerned. In this case as well, the excessive body weight of the patient can provoke insulin resistance further and can even interfere with the anti-diabetic drugs. Hence, managing his body weight non-pharmacologically will be a significant nursing care priority for the patient (Schwarz et al., 2012). The second care priority in this case will be sleep apnea and its adequate management. It has to be mentioned in this context that sleep apnea is a significant risk of diabetics and it can easily lead to fatal consequences for the patients with excessively uncontrolled blood glucose levels. It has to be mentioned that adequate amounts of sl eep is required for any treatment therapy to optimally function and show results. The excessive impact of the sleep apnea would be a restrictive element that would hinder the recovery process of the patient and would increase the anxiety and fatigue of the patient under consideration. Hence, the care priority of the patient will be management of his obesity and sleep apnea (Marin et al., 2012). The fifth, sixth and seventh step of the clinical reasoning cycle requires the nursing professional to develop achievable care goals and implement the goals in action. For the obesity management the care professional will need to stick to a high protein low fat diet for the patient and will need to develop an exercise regimen that will suit the abilities and need of the patient the best (Baboota et al., 2013). For the management of sleep apnea the nursing professional can include continuous positive airway pressure device or CPAP devices which will help the patient fall asleep without any hustle and stay asleep so that his body can attain the rest it requires. Other sleep assistive devices like dental appliances and nasal expiratory positive airway pressurevalves will help in facilitating better REM sleep for the patient nonpharmacologically (McCarter et al., 2013). In the very last step of the clinical reasoning cycle the nurse will reflect on the care approaches and techniques impl emented in the care program to enhance the efficacy of the care program and to serve the particular needs of the patients better. I have understood the key areas of clinical decision making and identification of care needs and distinguishing the care priorities with the help of the clinical reasoning cycle. And it has also assisted me to understand the step by step activities of clinical reasoning cycle and how it relates to the different activities of care planning and implementation. Conclusion: On a concluding note, it has to be mentioned that clinical reasoning cycle serves as the best framework for the nurses to use in their day today acre activities so that the care designing and implementation procedure can be as patient centred as possible. It not only organizes the care planning in a few set of step by step actions, but it also helps serve as a justification of the care program that is being implemented on the patient under consideration. In this case as well, the clinical reasoning cycle helped design a complete and effective care plan focussing on the two care issues pertinent to the patient in the case study. References: Baboota, R. K., Bishnoi, M., Ambalam, P., Kondepudi, K. K., Sarma, S. M., Boparai, R. K., Podili, K. (2013). Functional food ingredients for the management of obesity and associated co-morbiditiesA review.Journal of Functional Foods,5(3), 997-1012. Berman, A., Snyder, S., Levett-Jones, T., Dwyer, T., Hales, M., Harvey, N., . . . Stanley, D. (2015). Kozier and erb's fundamentals of nursing (3rd Australian edition). Melbourne, VIC: Pearson Australia. Ceccarini, M., Borrello, M., Pietrabissa, G., Manzoni, G., Castelnuovo, G. (2015). Assessing motivation and readiness to change for weight management and control: An in-depth evaluation of three sets of instruments doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00511 Levett-Jones, T. (2013). Clinical reasoning : Learning to think like a nurse. Melbourne, Victoria : Pearson Australia. ?uczy?ski, W., G?owi?ska-Olszewska, B., Bossowski, A. (2016). Empowerment in the treatment of diabetes and obesity. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2016 doi:10.1155/2016/5671492 Marin, J. M., Agusti, A., Villar, I., Forner, M., Nieto, D., Carrizo, S. J., ... Jelic, S. (2012). Association between treated and untreated obstructive sleep apnea and risk of hypertension.Jama,307(20), 2169-2176. Martin, T. J. (2017). Treatment of obesity hypoventilation syndrome. In M. S. Badr, G. Finlay (Eds.), Uptodate. doi:https://www.uptodate.com/home/index.html McCarter, S. J., Boswell, C. L., Louis, E. K. S., Dueffert, L. G., Slocumb, N., Boeve, B. F., ... Tippmann-Peikert, M. (2013). Treatment outcomes in REM sleep behavior disorder.Sleep medicine,14(3), 237-242. Parati, G., Lombardi, C., Hedner, J., Bonsignore, M. R., Grote, L., Tkacova, R., ... Mancia, G. (2013). Recommendations for the management of patients with obstructive sleep apnoea and hypertension. Schwarz, P. E., Greaves, C. J., Lindstrm, J., Yates, T., Davies, M. J. (2012). Nonpharmacological interventions for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Nature Reviews Endocrinology,8(6), 363. Strohl, K. P. (2016). Overview of obstructive sleep apnoea in adults. In N. Collop, G. Finlay (Eds.), Uptodate. doi:https://www.uptodate.com/home/index.html Vanderveken, O. M., Maurer, J. T., Hohenhorst, W., Hamans, E., Lin, H. S., Vroegop, A. V., ... Van de Heyning, P. H. (2013). Evaluation of drug-induced sleep endoscopy as a patient selection tool for implanted upper airway stimulation for obstructive sleep apnea.Journal of clinical sleep medicine: JCSM: official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine,9(5), 433.